Who is eligible for U.S. Citizenship through Form N-400 and What is the process?

Who is eligible for U.S. Citizenship through Form N-400 and What is the process?

Who is eligible for U.S. Citizenship through Form N-400 and What is the process? 

If you’re wondering who is eligible to apply for U.S. citizenship using Form N-400 and what the process looks like, you’re not alone. Every year, hundreds of thousands of lawful permanent residents take the final step in their immigration journey by applying to become U.S. citizens. Understanding the requirements and how to navigate the process can help you avoid delays and increase your chances of success.

In this article, we break down who qualifies for naturalization, what you need to apply, and what to expect after filing your Form N-400—in simple, clear language.

 

What Is Form N-400?

Form N-400 is the Application for Naturalization. It’s used by green card holders (lawful permanent residents) to apply for U.S. citizenship. This is the last step in the immigration process and gives you the full rights of a U.S. citizen—like voting in federal elections and traveling with a U.S. passport.


Who Is Eligible to Apply for U.S. Citizenship?

To apply for citizenship using Form N-400, you must meet several basic eligibility requirements.

1. Be at least 18 years old

Applicants must be adults at the time they file.

2. Have a green card (permanent resident status)

You must have been a lawful permanent resident for a certain amount of time:

  • 5 years if you are a regular green card holder.

  • 3 years if you got your green card through marriage to a U.S. citizen and are still married and living together.

3. Meet continuous residence and physical presence requirements

You must have:

  • Lived in the U.S. continuously for 5 (or 3) years.

  • Physically present in the U.S. for at least 30 months out of those 5 years (or 18 months out of 3 years if married to a U.S. citizen).

  • Lived in the same USCIS district or state for at least 3 months before applying.

4. Be a person of good moral character

This generally means you haven’t committed certain crimes, haven’t lied during the immigration process, and have paid your taxes.

5. Be able to read, write, and speak basic English

Most applicants must demonstrate a basic understanding of English.

6. Pass a civics test

You’ll need to show you understand U.S. history and government by answering 10 questions during your interview. You need to get at least 6 correct.

7. Support the U.S. Constitution and be willing to take the Oath of Allegiance

This is a promise to be loyal to the U.S. and follow its laws.

Exceptions and Special Cases

Some people may qualify for exceptions to the English and civics requirements:

  • If you are 50 or older and have lived in the U.S. as a green card holder for 20 years, you may be exempt from the English test (but still need to take the civics test in your native language).

  • If you are 55 or older and have had your green card for 15 years, you may also take the civics test in your own language.

  • If you have a medical disability that prevents you from learning English or civics, you may be exempt with a doctor’s certification (Form N-648).

What Is the Process to Apply for Citizenship?

Once you confirm that you’re eligible, here’s what the process looks like:

1. Prepare Form N-400

You can fill it out online at USCIS.gov or mail a paper form. Gather documents like:

  • Your green card

  • Marriage certificate (if applying through a spouse)

  • Proof of address and residence

  • Tax records or transcripts

  • Criminal records, if applicable

2. Pay the filing fee

As of 2025, the fee is $710-760, plus an $85 biometric services fee. Low-income applicants may apply for a fee waiver (Form I-912).

3. Attend a biometrics appointment

USCIS will schedule you to give your fingerprints and photo at an Application Support Center (ASC). This is used for background checks.

4. Go to your citizenship interview

A USCIS officer will ask you about your background, test your English and civics knowledge, and review your application.

5. Wait for the decision

After your interview, USCIS will either:

  • Approve your application

  • Continue it (ask for more info)

  • Deny it

  • Most people get a decision the same day or shortly after the interview.

6. Take the Oath of Allegiance

This is the final step. You’ll attend a naturalization ceremony, swear allegiance to the U.S., and receive your Certificate of Naturalization—your proof of citizenship.

 

How Long Does It Take?

Processing times for Form N-400 vary by location. On average, it takes 8 to 14 months from filing to the naturalization ceremony. You can check estimated times at USCIS Processing Times.

 

Citizenship by the Numbers (2024 Data)

  • In fiscal year 2023, 878,500 people became U.S. citizens.

  • The top five countries of origin were Mexico, India, the Philippines, the Dominican Republic, and China.

  • Over 91% of N-400 applicants were approved.

(Source: USCIS.gov)


Tips to Succeed with Your N-400 Application

  • Check your eligibility carefully before filing.

  • Be honest—lying can lead to denial and even deportation.

  • Study the civics questions using USCIS materials.

  • Bring all documents to your interview.

  • Hire an immigration lawyer if your case is complex or you have a criminal record.

Frequently Asked Questions About Form N-400 and U.S. Citizenship

 

1. Can I apply for U.S. citizenship before having my green card for 5 years?

Yes—if you are married to a U.S. citizen, you can apply after just 3 years of having your green card, as long as you’ve been living together and your spouse has been a citizen the whole time.

2. Do I need a lawyer to file Form N-400?

No, you’re not required to have a lawyer—but hiring one can be helpful. A lawyer can help to save you time if you have a straightforward case. And, it can be helpful if you have a complicated immigration history, a criminal record, or past immigration violations. A lawyer can help you avoid costly mistakes.

3. What happens if I fail the English or civics test?

USCIS will give you a second chance. If you fail either part, you’ll be scheduled for another interview within 60–90 days to try again. If you fail a second time, your application will be denied.

4. Can I travel outside the U.S. while my N-400 is being processed?

Yes, you can travel, but don’t miss any USCIS appointments like biometrics or your interview. Long trips (especially more than 6 months) could affect your continuous residence requirement.

5. How long after my green card expires can I still apply for citizenship?

You can still apply with an expired green card, but USCIS strongly recommends renewing it first. If your green card is expired or about to expire, consider filing Form I-90 at the same time as your N-400.

6. What if I have a criminal record?

Some crimes may disqualify you permanently, while others may just require a waiting period or explanation. Always talk to an immigration lawyer before applying if you’ve ever been arrested or charged.

7. What documents should I bring to my interview?

Bring originals and copies of:

  • Your green card

  • State ID or driver’s license

  • Passports (current and expired)

  • Marriage or divorce certificates

  • Tax returns or IRS transcripts

  • Proof of residence (utility bills, leases)

  • Any legal records, if applicable

8. Will my children become citizens when I naturalize?

Maybe. If your child is under 18, lives with you, and has a green card, they may automatically become a U.S. citizen when you do. You can then apply for a Certificate of Citizenship for them using Form N-600.

Take the Next Step Toward U.S. Citizenship

Naturalization is the final step in making the U.S. your permanent home. Whether you’re just getting started or need help overcoming challenges in your application, we’re here to support you.

Ready to Apply? Get Legal Help First

Applying for U.S. citizenship is a huge milestone—and it’s important to get it right. If you’re unsure about your eligibility or need help with the process, we can guide you through every step.

📅 Schedule your strategy session today: https://sisulegal.com/pages/booking-immigration-law-windsor-troy

Back to blog